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Signals and slots is a language construct introduced in Qt for communication between objects which makes it easy to implement the observer pattern while avoiding boilerplate code. The concept is that GUI widgets can send signals containing event information which can be received by other widgets / controls using special functions known as slots. The slots machine, often known as the “one Remove Slot In Qt armed bandit”, became an icon of modern online gaming. At Slotomania, you can start playing your favorite slot games with crazy graphics, top of the line sound effects, and hundreds of variations to choose from. Add a Slot for Each Radio Button. Right-click each radio button in turn, from top to bottom, and select Go to slot from the menu that pops up. In the Go to slot dialog box that opens, make sure that clicked is selected and then click the OK button. Qt Slot Signal Selection Dialog Box. Contribute to qt/qt development by creating an account on GitHub. LeSheetStyle The problem is that when a widget is destroyed, it was not properly removed from the cache. We connected the destroyed signal to a slot in the QStyleSheetStyle for the first QStyleS. I’ve never had to work on a Mills slot machine but I would look at component assembly pictures online until I could spot the spring. Since those machines are all mechanical a picture really is worth a thousand words. I know they have a pictorial guide to mills slot machine manual but I have never read it, so I don’t know if it is any good.

This blog is part of a series of blogs explaining the internals of signals and slots.

In this article, we will explore the mechanisms powering the Qt queued connections.

Summary from Part 1

In the first part, we saw that signalsare just simple functions, whose body is generated by moc. They are just calling QMetaObject::activate, with an array of pointers to arguments on the stack.Here is the code of a signal, as generated by moc: (from part 1)

QMetaObject::activatewill then look in internal data structures to find out what are the slots connected to that signal.As seen in part 1, for each slot, the following code will be executed:

So in this blog post we will see what exactly happens in queued_activateand other parts that were skipped for the BlockingQueuedConnection

Qt Event Loop

A QueuedConnection will post an event to the event loop to eventually be handled.

When posting an event (in QCoreApplication::postEvent),the event will be pushed in a per-thread queue(QThreadData::postEventList).The event queued is protected by a mutex, so there is no race conditions when threadspush events to another thread's event queue.

Once the event has been added to the queue, and if the receiver is living in another thread,we notify the event dispatcher of that thread by calling QAbstractEventDispatcher::wakeUp.This will wake up the dispatcher if it was sleeping while waiting for more events.If the receiver is in the same thread, the event will be processed later, as the event loop iterates.

The event will be deleted right after being processed in the thread that processes it.

An event posted using a QueuedConnection is a QMetaCallEvent. When processed, that event will call the slot the same way we call them for direct connections.All the information (slot to call, parameter values, ...) are stored inside the event.

Copying the parameters

The argv coming from the signal is an array of pointers to the arguments. The problem is that these pointers point to the stack of the signal where the arguments are. Once the signal returns, they will not be valid anymore. So we'll have to copy the parameter values of the function on the heap. In order to do that, we just ask QMetaType. We have seen in the QMetaType article that QMetaType::create has the ability to copy any type knowing it's QMetaType ID and a pointer to the type.

To know the QMetaType ID of a particular parameter, we will look in the QMetaObject, which contains the name of all the types. We will then be able to look up the particular type in the QMetaType database.

queued_activate

We can now put it all together and read through the code ofqueued_activate, which is called by QMetaObject::activate to prepare a Qt::QueuedConnection slot call.The code showed here has been slightly simplified and commented:

Upon reception of this event, QObject::event will set the sender and call QMetaCallEvent::placeMetaCall. That later function will dispatch just the same way asQMetaObject::activate would do it for direct connections, as seen in Part 1

BlockingQueuedConnection

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BlockingQueuedConnection is a mix between DirectConnection and QueuedConnection. Like with aDirectConnection, the arguments can stay on the stack since the stack is on the thread thatis blocked. No need to copy the arguments.Like with a QueuedConnection, an event is posted to the other thread's event loop. The event also containsa pointer to a QSemaphore. The thread that delivers the event will release thesemaphore right after the slot has been called. Meanwhile, the thread that called the signal will acquirethe semaphore in order to wait until the event is processed.

It is the destructor of QMetaCallEvent which will release the semaphore. This is good becausethe event will be deleted right after it is delivered (i.e. the slot has been called) but also whenthe event is not delivered (e.g. because the receiving object was deleted).

A BlockingQueuedConnection can be useful to do thread communication when you want to invoke afunction in another thread and wait for the answer before it is finished. However, it must be donewith care.

The dangers of BlockingQueuedConnection

Slot

You must be careful in order to avoid deadlocks.

Obviously, if you connect two objects using BlockingQueuedConnection living on the same thread,you will deadlock immediately. You are sending an event to the sender's own thread and then are locking thethread waiting for the event to be processed. Since the thread is blocked, the event will never beprocessed and the thread will be blocked forever. Qt detects this at run time and prints a warning,but does not attempt to fix the problem for you.It has been suggested that Qt could then just do a normal DirectConnection if both objects are inthe same thread. But we choose not to because BlockingQueuedConnection is something that can only beused if you know what you are doing: You must know from which thread to what other thread theevent will be sent.

The real danger is that you must keep your design such that if in your application, you do aBlockingQueuedConnection from thread A to thread B, thread B must never wait for thread A, or you willhave a deadlock again.

When emitting the signal or calling QMetaObject::invokeMethod(), you must not have any mutex lockedthat thread B might also try locking.

A problem will typically appear when you need to terminate a thread using a BlockingQueuedConnection, for example in thispseudo code:

Remove Slot In Qts

You cannot just call wait here because the child thread might have already emitted, or is about to emitthe signal that will wait for the parent thread, which won't go back to its event loop. All the thread cleanup information transfer must only happen withevents posted between threads, without using wait(). A better way to do it would be:

The downside is that MyOperation::cleanup() is now called asynchronously, which may complicate the design.

Conclusion

This article should conclude the series. I hope these articles have demystified signals and slots,and that knowing a bit how this works under the hood will help you make better use of them in yourapplications.

The QPushButton widget provides a command button. More...

Header:#include <QPushButton>
qmake: QT += widgets
Inherits:QAbstractButton
Inherited By:

Properties

  • autoDefault : bool
  • default : bool
  • flat : bool

Public Functions

QPushButton(const QIcon &icon, const QString &text, QWidget *parent = nullptr)
QPushButton(const QString &text, QWidget *parent = nullptr)
QPushButton(QWidget *parent = nullptr)
virtual ~QPushButton()
bool autoDefault() const
bool isDefault() const
bool isFlat() const
QMenu *menu() const
void setAutoDefault(bool)
void setDefault(bool)
void setFlat(bool)
void setMenu(QMenu *menu)

Reimplemented Public Functions

virtual QSize minimumSizeHint() const override
virtual QSize sizeHint() const override

Public Slots

Protected Functions

void initStyleOption(QStyleOptionButton *option) const

Reimplemented Protected Functions

virtual bool event(QEvent *e) override
virtual void focusInEvent(QFocusEvent *e) override
virtual void focusOutEvent(QFocusEvent *e) override
virtual bool hitButton(const QPoint &pos) const override
virtual void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *e) override
virtual void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *) override

Detailed Description

The push button, or command button, is perhaps the most commonly used widget in any graphical user interface. Push (click) a button to command the computer to perform some action, or to answer a question. Typical buttons are OK, Apply, Cancel, Close, Yes, No and Help.

A command button is rectangular and typically displays a text label describing its action. A shortcut key can be specified by preceding the preferred character with an ampersand in the text. For example:

In this example the shortcut is Alt+D. See the QShortcut documentation for details (to display an actual ampersand, use '&&').

Push buttons display a textual label, and optionally a small icon. These can be set using the constructors and changed later using setText() and setIcon(). If the button is disabled, the appearance of the text and icon will be manipulated with respect to the GUI style to make the button look 'disabled'.

A push button emits the signal clicked() when it is activated by the mouse, the Spacebar or by a keyboard shortcut. Connect to this signal to perform the button's action. Push buttons also provide less commonly used signals, for example pressed() and released().

Command buttons in dialogs are by default auto-default buttons, i.e., they become the default push button automatically when they receive the keyboard input focus. A default button is a push button that is activated when the user presses the Enter or Return key in a dialog. You can change this with setAutoDefault(). Note that auto-default buttons reserve a little extra space which is necessary to draw a default-button indicator. If you do not want this space around your buttons, call setAutoDefault(false).

Being so central, the button widget has grown to accommodate a great many variations in the past decade. The Microsoft style guide now shows about ten different states of Windows push buttons and the text implies that there are dozens more when all the combinations of features are taken into consideration.

The most important modes or states are:

  • Available or not (grayed out, disabled).
  • Standard push button, toggling push button or menu button.
  • On or off (only for toggling push buttons).
  • Default or normal. The default button in a dialog can generally be 'clicked' using the Enter or Return key.
  • Auto-repeat or not.
  • Pressed down or not.
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As a general rule, use a push button when the application or dialog window performs an action when the user clicks on it (such as Apply, Cancel, Close and Help) and when the widget is supposed to have a wide, rectangular shape with a text label. Small, typically square buttons that change the state of the window rather than performing an action (such as the buttons in the top-right corner of the QFileDialog) are not command buttons, but tool buttons. Qt provides a special class (QToolButton) for these buttons.

If you need toggle behavior (see setCheckable()) or a button that auto-repeats the activation signal when being pushed down like the arrows in a scroll bar (see setAutoRepeat()), a command button is probably not what you want. When in doubt, use a tool button.

Note: On macOS when a push button's width becomes smaller than 50 or its height becomes smaller than 30, the button's corners are changed from round to square. Use the setMinimumSize() function to prevent this behavior.

A variation of a command button is a menu button. These provide not just one command, but several, since when they are clicked they pop up a menu of options. Use the method setMenu() to associate a popup menu with a push button.

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Other classes of buttons are option buttons (see QRadioButton) and check boxes (see QCheckBox).

In Qt, the QAbstractButton base class provides most of the modes and other API, and QPushButton provides GUI logic. See QAbstractButton for more information about the API.

See also QToolButton, QRadioButton, QCheckBox, and GUI Design Handbook: Push Button.

Property Documentation

autoDefault : bool

This property holds whether the push button is an auto default button

If this property is set to true then the push button is an auto default button.

In some GUI styles a default button is drawn with an extra frame around it, up to 3 pixels or more. Qt automatically keeps this space free around auto-default buttons, i.e., auto-default buttons may have a slightly larger size hint.

This property's default is true for buttons that have a QDialog parent; otherwise it defaults to false.

See the default property for details of how default and auto-default interact.

Access functions:

bool autoDefault() const
void setAutoDefault(bool)

default : bool

This property holds whether the push button is the default button

Default and autodefault buttons decide what happens when the user presses enter in a dialog.

A button with this property set to true (i.e., the dialog's default button,) will automatically be pressed when the user presses enter, with one exception: if an autoDefault button currently has focus, the autoDefault button is pressed. When the dialog has autoDefault buttons but no default button, pressing enter will press either the autoDefault button that currently has focus, or if no button has focus, the next autoDefault button in the focus chain.

In a dialog, only one push button at a time can be the default button. This button is then displayed with an additional frame (depending on the GUI style).

The default button behavior is provided only in dialogs. Buttons can always be clicked from the keyboard by pressing Spacebar when the button has focus.

If the default property is set to false on the current default button while the dialog is visible, a new default will automatically be assigned the next time a push button in the dialog receives focus.

This property's default is false.

Access functions:

flat : bool

This property holds whether the button border is raised

This property's default is false. If this property is set, most styles will not paint the button background unless the button is being pressed. setAutoFillBackground() can be used to ensure that the background is filled using the QPalette::Button brush.

Access functions:

bool isFlat() const
void setFlat(bool)

Member Function Documentation

QPushButton::QPushButton(const QIcon &icon, const QString &text, QWidget *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a push button with an icon and a text, and a parent.

Note that you can also pass a QPixmap object as an icon (thanks to the implicit type conversion provided by C++).

QPushButton::QPushButton(const QString &text, QWidget *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a push button with the parent parent and the text text.

QPushButton::QPushButton(QWidget *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a push button with no text and a parent.

[slot] void QPushButton::showMenu()

Shows (pops up) the associated popup menu. If there is no such menu, this function does nothing. This function does not return until the popup menu has been closed by the user.

[virtual] QPushButton::~QPushButton()

Destroys the push button.

[override virtual protected] bool QPushButton::event(QEvent *e)

Reimplements: QAbstractButton::event(QEvent *e).

[override virtual protected] void QPushButton::focusInEvent(QFocusEvent *e)

Reimplements: QAbstractButton::focusInEvent(QFocusEvent *e).

[override virtual protected] void QPushButton::focusOutEvent(QFocusEvent *e)

Reimplements: QAbstractButton::focusOutEvent(QFocusEvent *e).

[override virtual protected] bool QPushButton::hitButton(const QPoint &pos) const

Reimplements: QAbstractButton::hitButton(const QPoint &pos) const.

[protected] void QPushButton::initStyleOption(QStyleOptionButton *option) const

Initialize option with the values from this QPushButton. This method is useful for subclasses when they need a QStyleOptionButton, but don't want to fill in all the information themselves.

See also QStyleOption::initFrom().

[override virtual protected] void QPushButton::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *e)

Reimplements: QAbstractButton::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *e).

QMenu *QPushButton::menu() const

Returns the button's associated popup menu or nullptr if no popup menu has been set.

See also setMenu().

[override virtual] QSize QPushButton::minimumSizeHint() const

Reimplements an access function for property: QWidget::minimumSizeHint.

[override virtual protected] void QPushButton::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *)

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Reimplements: QAbstractButton::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *e).

void QPushButton::setMenu(QMenu *menu)

Associates the popup menu menu with this push button. This turns the button into a menu button, which in some styles will produce a small triangle to the right of the button's text.

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Ownership of the menu is not transferred to the push button.

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A push button with popup menus shown in the Fusion widget style.

See also menu().

[override virtual] QSize QPushButton::sizeHint() const

Reimplements an access function for property: QWidget::sizeHint.

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